Site Map

Adrenal Glands

• Background
  • Where are the adrenal glands?
  • What do the adrenal glands do?
  • Is this adrenal tumor a genetic problem?
• Primary hyperaldosteronism (aldosterone-producing tumor)
  • What is primary hyperaldosteronism?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Unilateral or bilateral disease
  • Treatment
• Cushing's Syndrome
  • What is Cushing's syndrome?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Diagnosis and Radiological tests
  • Treatment
• Pheochromocytoma
  • What is pheochromocytoma?
  • Is this genetic?
  • Is this cancer?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Diagnosis and Radiological tests
  • Biopsy
  • Treatment
  • What if I am pregnant?
  • Surgery follow-up
  • Metastatic disease
  • Links
• Paraganglioma
  • What is paraganglioma?
  • Is this genetic?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Diagnosis and Radiological tests
  • Biopsy
  • Treatment
  • What if I am pregnant?
  • Surgery follow-up
  • Metastatic disease
  • Links
• Sex-hormone producing tumor
  • What is a sex-hormone producing tumor?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Diagnosis and Radiological tests
  • Treatment
• Adrenocortical Cancer
  • What is adrenocortical cancer?
  • Is this genetic?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
• Metastases to adrenal gland
  • What is an adrenal metastasis?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Treatment
• Adrenal incidentaloma
  • What is an adrenal incidentaloma?
  • What kind of tumor can this be?
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • What should be done?
  • Biopsy
  • Treatment
• How is adrenal surgery performed?
  • Overview
  • Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
  • Open adrenalectomy
  • Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy
  • What is the recovery like?
  • What are the potential complications?
• Frequently Asked Questions
• How do I find an experienced adrenal surgeon?

Neuroendocrine System

• Background
  • What is a neuroendocrine tumor/carcinoid tumor?
  • Can these tumors be inherited?
  • Pathological features
  • Where can neuroendocrine tumors be found?
  • References
• Insulinoma
  • What is an insulinoma?
  • Radiological tests
  • Treatment options
  • References
• Gastrinoma
  • What are gastrinoma and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
  • Diagnosis
  • Surgical management
  • Medical management
  • References
• Glucagonoma
  • What is a glucagonoma?
  • Radiographic tests
  • Treatment
  • References
• VIPoma
  • What is a VIPoma?
  • Treatment
  • References
• Somatostatinoma
  • What is a somatostatinoma?
  • Treatment
  • Are somatostatinomas hereditary?
  • References
• Non-functional tumors
  • What are non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?
  • Radiographic tests
  • Treatment and prognosis
  • References
• Pulmonary carcinoid
  • What is a pulmonary carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumor?
  • Signs and symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
  • References
• Gastric carcinoids
• Small bowel carcinoids
  • What is a small bowel carcinoid or a small bowel neuroendocrine tumor?
  • Radiographic tests
  • Treatment and preoperative considerations
  • Prognosis
  • References
• Appendiceal carcinoids
  • What is a carcinoid of the appendix?
  • Radiographic tests
  • Surgery follow-up
  • References
• Colonic and rectal carcinoids
  • What is a neuroendocrine tumor of the colon or rectum?
  • Treatment
  • References
• Metastatic disease
  • How is metastatic neuroendocrine tumors localized to the liver treated?
  • What is the carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease?
  • Treatment
  • References
• Advocacy groups

Parathyroid Glands

• Background
  • What do the parathyroids do?
  • Where are the parathyroids?
  • What is primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP)?
  • What are the risk factors for primary hyperparathyroidism?
  • Is there a genetic link?
  • How does vitamin D affect calcium?
  • Is this a cancer?
• Signs and symptoms
  • Summary
  • Osteoporosis
  • Kidney stones
  • Non-classical symptoms
  • Worsening quality of life
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Shortened life expectancy
• Diagnosis and localization
  • Diagnosis
  • Localizing tests
• Treatment
  • Treatment
  • Who should have surgery?
  • Benefits of surgery
  • Alternatives to surgery
• Parathyroid surgery
  • How is parathyroid surgery performed?
  • Anesthesia
  • Intraoperative PTH monitoring
  • Parathyroid autotransplantation
  • Cryopreservation
  • Biopsy
  • Risks
  • Preparation
  • Recovery
• How do I find an experienced parathyroid surgeon or get a second opinion?
• Am I too old for surgery?
• Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism
• Re-operative parathyroid
  surgery
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Summary
  • Treatment
• Parathyroid cancer
• Frequently Asked Questions
• References

Thyroid Gland

• Background
  • What is the thyroid?
  • Thyroid function
  • Thyroid tests
• Diseases of thyroid function
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism
• Benign non-toxic multinodular goiter
  • Overview
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
• Thyroid nodule
  • What is a thyroid nodule?
  • Risk factors for thyroid cancer
  • Symptoms and signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)
• Thyroid cancer
  • Papillary
  • Follicular/Hurthle cell
  • Medullary
  • Anaplastic
  • Primary Thyroid Lymphoma
  • Radioactive iodine (RAI or I¹³¹) treatment
  • Stage and prognosis
  • Long-term follow-up
  • Metastatic and advanced
• Thyroid surgery
  • Preparation
  • Types
  • Observation
  • Anesthetic
  • Frozen section biopsy
  • Lymph node sampling
  • Recovery
  • Complications
  • Importance of surgeon's experience
• The office visit
  • Questions for patient
  • Questions for surgeon
  • Second opinion
• Frequently Asked Questions
• References